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DESCRIPTION 


V 



FERDINANDO FAIRFAX’S 

rf 

£>fjamumbale 

• IRON ESTATE, 

WITH 

A ELAN OF A COMPANY 

FOR 

IMPROVING THE SAME, 


'S> WASHINGTON: 

J. CROSSFIELD, printer. 


1815. 






) 


Wi A-0^ 







SHANNONDALE. 


I OFFER to the attention of monied men 
of discernment, a very valuable IRON ESTATE, 
on the rivers Shenandoah and Potomac, in the 
counties of Jefferson and Loudon; for the work¬ 
ing of which 1 wish to form a small, but able com¬ 
pany, on permanent principles 5 deeming the 
present moment to be peculiarly favorable to its 
operations. 

The seats for such works have been viewed by 
practical men and pronounced good; the ore 
banks are conveniently situated, and the ore abun¬ 
dant, easily raised, and rich ; yielding iron of very 
superior quality, as appears from the testimony of 
those who have made and wrought it; there are 
several favorable scites ; the command of water is 
powerful; and the wood on twenty thousand acres 
of land (all of one tract) is abundant and conve¬ 
nient. There are few, if any, such Iron Estates 
in America ; and this is peculiarly favorable in 
situation to the seat of government, where a sup¬ 
ply of iron of the best quality is always in demand, 
and where it must be highly important to have it 
free from the chances of war: being also happily 
situated for the supply of a wealthy and populous 
farming country, needing such supply. 








4 



I know of no men, of common prudence, that 
have failed to amass fortunes by this business, 
where the ore has been plentiful and good, and the 
wood abundant; who have adopted the improved 
mode, which was first practiced in Pennsylvania, 
hy Mr. Robert Coleman ; who, coming a stranger 
into tlie country, ami commencing with nothing 
but his superior sagacity and activity, made by that 
business a princely fortune in a few years, and is 
now the largest owner of Iron Works in America! 

The annexed Constitution for a Company, hath 
been digested under the inspection of the most ex¬ 
perienced iron-masters, with a special view to cer¬ 
tainty in the funds, permanence of operation, and 
safety to each individual stockholder. In it, 1 have 
endeavored to make such provision, as wealthy 
and punctual men ought to require; providing 
sufficient power, and at the same time sufficient 
responsibility, for the officers engaged in the con¬ 
cern. It is drawn on such cautious and certain 
principles, that it depends not on the life of an 
individual; but may proceed with the steadiness 
and uniformity of a banking company, with a stock 
of greater intrinsic value, and with profits infi¬ 
nitely greater. By it 1 oiler strong inducements 
to persons inclined to engage in such a concern ; 
putting the property, with all its advantages, at 
less to the company (of which I wish to be a mem¬ 
ber) than what it would actually sell for in farms 
and wood lots. 


FERDINAND!) FAIRFAX. 


5 

QUERIES 

Answered relative to the IRON PROPERTY of 

F. Fairfax. 

Query 1. Yv r liat are the indications of abundance 
of Ore, and of its quality P 

Answer. It shews itself principally in three 
places, on the tops and sides of extensive hills, 
and also in their bowels, where broken by the 
river and by vallies, from 7 to 14 miles up the 
river from its mouth ; but is seen also in several 
other places on my Land. By smiths who have 

v • 

actually wrought Iron made from this Ore, it is 
stated to be of a very superior quality; and, from 
tlie direction which the vein takes, it is probably a 
part of the same w hich makes the Ore Bank of 
Keeptryste, so celebrated both for castings and bar 
iron ; out of which cannon are made for the Unit¬ 
ed States, by Mr. Henry Foxall, at Georgetown; 
being much better for bar iron than that. 

Q. 2. What sort of a stream is the Valley Run, 
upon which you purpose creeling a furnace, and 
is it not likely to he affected by dry seasons ? 

A. The Valley run has been thought adequate to 
carry a saw-mill w ith asinglc flutter-wheel,which 
I have accordingly erected upon it, preparatory to 
other works, and which is said to require much 
greater force of water than a furnace wheel; and 
from 30 to 40 feet fall can readily be had : but 
should more accurate information, or an appre¬ 
hension of dry seasons, determine this stream to 
he insufficient for a furnace, one may be erected 
at Little’s Falls, where we have a full com¬ 
mand of the water from the river, for any and va¬ 
rious kinds of w ater works, with a clear fall of 
13 feet. 





6 



4{. 3. What is the convenience of carriage for 
Ore and Fuel ? 

A. 'Flie ore hanks are generally within a few 
hundred yards of the river, and in no case exceed 
the distance of half a mile ; and they are also 
near and convenient to the proper furnace seats. 
In the present state of the works of the Potomac 
Company, the river Shenandoah is navigable 
for flour-boats, and other boats, from Harper’s 
Ferry (at its mouth) through the whole extent of 
this property, and many miles above, a great part 
of the year ; and will doubless be rendered perma¬ 
nently so. 

Q. 4. Do the lands, intended for the proposed 
establishments, possess timber, stone, sand, and 
other principal materials for building ? 

A. They possess timber, stone, and sand for 
every improvement desired; and lime, in abun¬ 
dance and at low price, can at all times be had 
from other tracts in the neighborhood ; the whole 
country westward of the river abounding in lime¬ 
stone, which is in fact its substratum. 

Q. 5. Is there any considerable demand in the 
circumjacent country for tan-bark, so that this ar¬ 
ticle might readily be converted into money, in 
cutting down trees for other purposes ? 

A. The bark of Chesnut-oak, with which these 
lands abound, in the most mountainous parts, is 
most esteemed of any by tanners, and cannot be 
procured in the neighborhood, except from those 
lands ; and when delivered in Charlestown, from 
live to seven miles oft', commands a ready sale for 
cash, at a good price. 

(l. 6. H ow far will the proposed works be from 
Harper’s Ferry, and how progresses the United 
States’ establishment there P 

A. The proposed seites are from five to twelve 
miles above Harper’s Ferry. The armoury is upon 



7 


a very respectable footing there, ami produces 
arms, inferior to none, at the rate of one thousand 
stands per month ; and the establishment is about 
to be greatly enlarged. Here may readily he 
sold (for fuel, building timber, gun stocks, 
&c.) any wood which the company may choose 
to part with; there being no other resource from 
whence this place can be supplied to any great 
extent. 

(£. 7. Can pig-iron he conveyed with ease and 
certainty from the works to Georgetown and 
Washington ? 

A. The navigation of Potomac having for years 
been open, the opening of that of the Shenandoah, 
which is now effected, of course removes every ob¬ 
stacle to bearing by water to our sea-ports, any 
quantity of pig-iron. I will further observe, that 
this facility of conveyance hath induced me to sup¬ 
pose, that it w ould be better to place one of the 
forges at Vestal’s ford, (where we have command 
of more than ten feet clear fall, and any quantity 
of water required) than nearer to the furnace : 
because our wood-land being of about 16 miles ex¬ 
tent along the river, and coal-wood being the most 
bulky article we shall have to handle, it seems 
best to separate the great objects of its application; 
and because the scite at Vestal’s, being upon our 
most public road, is highly favorable to all the in¬ 
ferior manufacture^ of iron, such as rolling, slit¬ 
ting, tilting, &c. 

8 . What proportion of the lands of the com¬ 
pany are rented out, and for what term or terms ? 
and what is the description of the residue of the 
tract, which may become also the property of the 
company, according to the last article of the con¬ 
stitution ? 

A. The small tenements upon the whole tract 
offered to the company, are so interspersed, as to 




8 


serve rather to protect from fire,&c. than to de¬ 
stroy in future the wood-land. Home are rented 
for lives, some for terms of years, ail under very 
strict covenants ; hut the leases of the most im¬ 
portant are already in my hands,, for the good of 
Hie company. That part of the tract reserved 
for the future refusal of the company, is gene¬ 
rally of the same description as that embraced in 
the preceding articles ; except as to the peculiar 
water advantages, and the ore banks. 

fl 9. May considerable profits be expeeted by 
the company ? 

A. I can only say, that, from frequent offers 
made to me for the principal scites ; from many 
inquiries made by me of experienced iron-masters, 
and from the judgment of practical men, I have no 
doubt that this property is capable, at a moderate 
expense for outfits, of as great profits as any iron- 
estate in America, if not as great as any in the 
world. 

F. FAIRFAX. 


Alexandria , January 2. 1815. 


9 


CERTIFICATES. 


February 1G, 1809. 

SIR, 

I HAVE, with great attention, examined your se¬ 
veral banks of iron ore, and feel myself fully justifiable in 
saying, that I do believe the quality to be veiy good for 
both bar and castings, (equal to that of Keeptryste) and 
the appearance, as to quantity, veiy g; eat indeed ; that you 
have several good seats for furnaces and forges, with al¬ 
most an inexhaustible supply of timber, for coal-wood ; all 
on and near the Shenandoah river. From my long expe¬ 
rience in the i on business, I trust I have some knowledge 
of the same, and feel no hesitation in putting my name to 
these lines. Yours truely, 

GEO. NORTH. 

Ferdinando Fairfax , Esq. 


Ferdinando Fairfax, Esq. sent to mvfurnaceby Isaac 
Strider’s boats, iron ore, which he tells me he dug from 
five different ore banks, which is verified by the appearance 
of the ore; four sorts I had blown in my furnace, and then 
a part of each made into bar ion, of which I have return¬ 
ed Mr. Fairfax 56 bars, 1,0,1,4, the greater part of it drawn 
fit for a tilt-hammer to draw into gun-scalps. The differ¬ 
ent kinds designated by notches as per memorandum. The 
above iron I return him for the ore he sent me. 

ROGER JOHNSON. 

January 4, 1809. 

No 1, notched on the end, Big-rock ore. 

No. 2, Dillows, mixed 1-3 with R. I. red 2-3. 

No. 3, Dillows, unmixed. 

No. 4, Big-rock, mixed J-3 with R. I. red 2-3. 

No. 5, Conner’s, pure. R. J. 






10 


I certify that I this day turned and welded, and beat 
down a hit of iron made of the ore of Mr. Ferdinando Fair¬ 
fax, (which he calls No. 4) and which I have marked with 
four notches ; and that I hardened the. same in my smith’s- 
shop, so as tastrike tire, like steel, with' flint. 

ROBERT MOORE. 

Bloomsbury Forge, Jan. 4, 1809. 

v O 7 7 

T he above operation w r as performed in the said shop, in 
my presence. CHARLES GLISAN. 


This may certify, that of several kinds ofiron put into 
my hands, (said to be made of the ore of Mr. F. Fairfax) 
by Mr. James Stubblefield, superintendent of the United 
States’ factory of arms at this place, I found No. 5 to w r ork 
remarkably well, in closing and w r e!ding a gun-barrel, both 
as to heating, hammering, and welding. No. 1 w r as rather 
too hard for this purpose, though it was firm, strong iron. 
No. 3 did not work quite as w r ell as No. 5, being rather 
harder. No. 2 welded well, but did not bear as high a heat 
as eithei' of the other numbers above noted, being inclined 
to red-short * JOHN BREWER. 

Witness— James Stubblefield. 

Ilarper’s Ferry, Feb. 22, 1809. 


I, John Donaldson, do also certify, that 1 have tried 
Nos. 5, 3, and 1, of the abovementioned iron, in various 
wavs and at different times ; that I found all three to forge 
remarkably well, and w r eld well; that it was tough and 
strong, and bore a high heat, (No. 1, rather less so than 
the others) and No- 5, soft enough for any purpose ; but 
No. 1, though tough firm and strong, was rather too hard 
for gun-making. 

JOHN A. DONALDSON. 

Witness— 


Jas. Stubblefield, 
Robt. Whittet. 
Harper's Ferry , Feb. 22, 1809. 


* By reference to Mr. Johnson’s memorandum above, it 
will be seen that No. 2, contains only 1-3 of F. F’s metal. 




11 


W’c cei aiy, that in several trials made of IVJr. Fairfax’s 
li on. Nos. 3 and 5, at the public factory at Harper’s Ferry, 
we tound it work remarkably vvell, in cocks and frisns, 
(or pan hammers) for muskets ; being firm, tough, capa¬ 
ble ot a high heat, free from cracks, and soft enough for the 
above purposes. 

PETER CRANE, 
JOHN LINDSEY. 

Wi ness— 

Jas. Stubblefield, 

Robt. Whittet. 

Harper's Ferry, Feb. 22, 1809. 


I certify, that out of thirteen gun-barrels welded by 
me, which 1 was requested to distinguish, only one failed 
in the proof; but, as there were among them several that 
we: e not of Fairfax’s iron, and the mark's which I put on 
were not preserved to the last, I am not certain of whose 
iron that one was which failed. 

Given under my hand, this 28th day of April, 8109. 

JOHN BREWER. 

N. B. As well as I can now' recollect, the said thirteen 
barrels consisted of four of Johnson’s iron,two of Winter’s, 
and the rest of Mr. Fairfax’s, either pure or mixed with 
Johnson’s, as they were given in to me. 

JOHN BREWER. 

John Beckham. 


SIR, 


Armory, Harper's Ferry, March 20, 1809. 


I have proved a few barrels made out of your iron, 
which stood very well; the balance wdll not be ready to 
prove until the last of next week. Have not received any 
scalps from Johnson’s forge yet. 

I am, sir, 

Respect r ully, 

Your obt. servt. 


JAMES STUBBLEFIELD. 

F. Fairfax, Esquire. 











ft 






- 











' 






CONSTITUTION 


OF THE 

SHENANDOAH IRON COMPANY. 


Article I. The stock of the company under 
the above denomination shall consist, in the first 
instance, besides the active capital, of 10,000 acres, 
chiefly of woodland (part of a larger tract called 
Shannondale) lying in one connected body princi¬ 
pally in the county of Jefferson, Virginia, between 
the line of Loudon county and the margin of the 
river Shenandoah, except where intercepted from 
the river by Worniley’s patent, and commencing at 
the bounds of the land lately sold to the U. States 
(for the use of their factory at Harper’s Ferry) 
and running southward for quantity; but so as to 
include the OliE near the Yellow-rock, 

and the saw-mill of the valley-run ; comprehend¬ 
ing, also, the range of mill-seats at Connor’s, hav¬ 
ing a full command of the water at Little’s falls ; 
also, the seats for mills or forges upon the great 
road, at Vestal's Ford: and also, several valuable 
little farms upon the river, besides smaller tene¬ 
ments, sufficiently interspersed to protect from 
fires the most valuable of the WOOD, consisting 
of locust; oak of various kinds,fit for plank,scant¬ 
ling, shingles. &e. pine, of superior quality ; chest¬ 
nut , fit for shingles — 1 • various other tirn- 




her. and chestnut-oak , for tan-bark, besides wood 
for fuel: all convenient to a thickly settled neigh¬ 
bourhood, on both sides the mountain, where all 
those articles are beginning to be scarce, and are 
now in considerable demand. Which property shall 
be divided into shares, at 

dollars each, and shall be con¬ 
veyed by Ferdinando Fairfax, the present propri¬ 
etor by inheritance, by a good deed under general 
warranty, and subject only to leases upon a few 
of said tenements, several of which, and the most 
valuable, the said Fairfax has bought in, unto the 
President and Directors herein provided for, and 
their successors, as trustees ; to be by them held 
for the use and benefit of the company, without 
power to convey the same, except by their autho¬ 
rity according to this constitution, a copy whereof 
shali be annexed to the said deed of the said Fair¬ 
fax; which shall be made when all the shares of 
the said company shall have been taken, as men¬ 
tioned below. 

Article II. When all the shares are subscrib¬ 
ed, the said Ferdinando Fairfax shall, by letter 
addressed to each subscriber, and by advertisement 
in some newspaper of the City of Washington, at 
least sixty days previously, call a meeting of sub¬ 
scribers at 

for the purpose of choosing directors 

to act in the concerns of the company for one year, 
and until the next stated election, and to receive 
the conveyances of the said Fairfax, as aforesaid. 
Whereupon he shall be entitled to demand of the 
shareholders respectively, upon each share by 
him disposed of, and shall himself advance up¬ 
on each of his own shares, a prompt payment of 

dollars, 

in a receipt of the cashier of the Dank of Colum¬ 
bia, (drawn to the president and directors of this 


company) and also, tlieir respective bonds, drawn 
payable to him, his heirs and assigns, and secured 
in a satisfactory manner, for equal annual 

instalments from the said iirst election of directors, 
each for dollars, 

free of interest for the time it has to run : which 
prompt payment shall constitute the active capital 
of the company, for the commencement of their 
operations upon the stock aforesaid. 

Article 111. There shall annually be a meet¬ 
ing of stockholders at the house of the manager, 
upon the fifteenth day of August, or at such other 
time of the year as they, for greater convenience, 
may ordain ; at which meeting they shall choose 
directors, (being stockholders) and trans¬ 
act such other business as by this constitution per¬ 
tains to them. 

Article IV. Every share shall entitle the hold¬ 
er, either in person or by proxy, to a vote in such 
concerns of the company as necessarily appertain 
to the stockholders , and such as are excepted out 
of the powers given to the directors ; except that 
no stockholder shall enjoy above votes 

upon shares held by him. 

The presence of three stockholders, besides a ma¬ 
jority of the acting directors, shall be necessary 
to form a hoard to do business, and a majority of 
votes shall decide all questions, except for the 
purchase and sale of land , the increase of stock. 
the further call for money , the erection of new 
works beyond those first determined upon, or the 
alteration of this Constitution ; any of which cases 
shall require, from the member meaning to pro¬ 
pose the same, notice by public advertisement, in 
a neighbouring newspaper, of such his intention, 
at least ninety days previous to a meeting of 
stockholders; and the voice of a majority of all 
the stockholders shall be necessary for a decision 


16 


thereupon. When the whole of the shares of the 
company shall be held by 

persons , or less, no election of directors shall be 
necessary; but each member, if lawfully compe¬ 
tent, shall have the power both of a stockholder 
and director; and be subject to these regulations, 
as far as they apply to the existing case. 

Article V. The directors chosen shall conduct 
the whole concerns of the company, until the next 
election, respecting the making of iron , and other 
business determined upon by the proper authority, 
and all matters naturally arising thereout, or ne¬ 
cessarily connected therewith ; but they shall not 
without the authority of the stockholders as above 
provided for, sell or buy land, except such as may 
have been given in security for debts due the com¬ 
pany, and sold in consequence thereof; make an 
increase of stock, or a further call for money from 
the stockholders ; erect new works , other than a 
furnace , a forge, and their necessary appendages ; 
or alter the constitution of the company. 

Article VI. The directors shall meet at the 
house of the manager , as often as, in their opinion, 
the interest of the company shall require. They 
shall appoint, from among themselves, a presi¬ 
dent, who shall receive and transmit all coinmiw 
nications, and give the casting vote at their board ; 
and they shall supply, from amongst the stock¬ 
holders, until the next election, any vacancy that 
may happen in their number. They shall employ 
a manager, well skilled in the concerns of the 
company, who shall reside at the works, and shall 
give bond and good security, in such sum as they 
may deem reasonable and sufficient, for the per¬ 
formance as well of his duties as of those of anv 
deputy or assistant, of his own nomination, whom 
the directors may think proper to place under him, 
and for the faithful application, according to their 


\ 


17 


directions, of all monies and other effects of the 
company, that may come into his hands, during 
the time the directors shall chuse to continue him; 
hut shall not vote for directors. They shall em¬ 
ploy an able clerk, to keep the company’s ac¬ 
counts ; to keep a book of record , in which shall 
he entered (his constitution, with any rules and 
regulations pursuant thereto, made by the direc¬ 
tors ; all transfers of shares , made as herein after 
prescribed ; all bills of sale of negroes, or horses, 
purchased for this company’s use, and descriptive 
inventories of their personal property, annually to 
be taken; and a minute-book of the proceedings 
as well of the directors as of the stockholders : 
which accounts and books shall, at all times, be 
subject to the inspection of any stockholder; and 
shall, by the directors, be laid before the stock¬ 
holders, at their annual or other meetings. 

Article VII. A committee of Investigation 
may he appointed, consisting of two members, at 
any meeting of the stockholders, to inquire into 
misconduct or abuses , committed under the direc¬ 
tory ; and to make report at the next meeting, or 
to call an extra meeting of the stockholders, if 
deemed necessary ; and they shall have a reason¬ 
able compensation for expenses thereby incurred, 
to be paid out of the company’s funds. 

Article VIII. The directors shall, from time 
to time, fix and pay the salaries of their clerk, ma¬ 
nager and his assistants : and make suitable regu- 
lations relative to the other necessary expenditures: 
hut they themselves, being interested, shall have 
only one hundred dollars each per annum, to defray 
expenses; subject, however, to be increased by a 
majority of the votes of the company. 

Article IX. There shall be made hy the di¬ 
rectors a dividend of profits , with such reservation 
for current expenses and contingences as they shell 
judge prudent, at least once a year, at a meeting 



18 


of Hie stockholders ; to be paid to them, their at- 
tornies, or written orders. 

Article X. All transfirs of shares shall be 
made upon the books of the company, by the holder 
in person, or by power of attorney ; according* to 
the forms used in transfering stock of the late 
bank of the United States. 

Article XI. It is hereby explicitly declared, 
for the information of members and of ot hers, and 
ought to be so expressed in all specialties given 
by the company, that no stockholder shall be lia¬ 
ble to the company, or to any member thereof, or 
to any other person, for any transactions of the 
company, to an amount beyond the nominal stock 
held therein, by such stockholder. 

Article XII. On the part of the before named 
Ferdinando Fairfax, it is further stipulated, that 
he will relinquish to the company, as a further in¬ 
crease of their active capital, the last instalment 
bond given to him by the subscribers, for the pur¬ 
chase of shares, as mentioned in the second arti¬ 
cle; if, when the same shall become due, the an¬ 
nual profits of the company, shall not have yield¬ 
ed, upon an average of years, after commencement 
of business, at least fifteen per centum , upon the 
money which shall, to that time, have been paid 
and expended upon each share: and, moreover, 
that he will offer the company the refusal , within 
five years from its organization, of the remaining 
part of the Shannondale Tract , w ithin the county 
of uefferson, at eight dollars per acre ; being tw o 
dollars less per acre than he has already sold a 
part of said tract for, not possessing any peculiar 
advantages: and likewise all his mines or banks 
of iron ore , on any lands that he now holds in the 
county of Jefferson; they making reasonable com¬ 
pensation for damage, if any, occasioned to his 
property, by working and removing the same, as 
to any tract or lot of land, not within the bounds of 
the Shannondale tract. 


19 


WE, whose names are hereunto subscribed, do en¬ 
gage to become members of the SHENANDOAH IRON 
COMPANY, according to the preceding Constitution ; 
and to take therein the number of shaies afhxed to our 
names, respectively : and we do moreover agree, that upon 
any failure to pay, oi satisfactorily secuie, the several 
sums required by the said constitution to be paid (whether 
to Fe dinando Fai fax or to the company) upon the shares 
respectively, the said ley dinando Fai fax sha 1 have the 
option, either to sue foi the same, or to retain the de in- 
quent shaies, upon paying up said dues: and, in the case 
of any futuie calls for money, which in the whole shall 
never exceed dollars upon each 

share, without the unanimous consent o’ the company,a fail¬ 
ure to pay up the san e shall sul ject the delinquent shaies 
to sale, by the directors , at public auction, to laise the 
amount of such call, after reasonable notice of the time 
and place of sale. 


Dale of 
Subscription 


Names, Residence, and No. of Shares. 










Date of 
Subscription. 


Names, Residence, and No. of Shares. 










































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